The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Review

The Jungle Book is one of the works for which Rudyard Kipling is best remembered. The Jungle Book falls in line with works like Flatland and Alice in Wonderland (which offer satire and political commentary underneath the genre title of childrens literature). Likewise, the stories in The Jungle Book are written to be enjoyed by adults as well as children—with a depth of meaning and symbolism that delves far beyond the surface. Relationships and events related to The Jungle Book are important to any human being, including adult men and women, with or without families. While the tales can be read, or children may listen to them from an older reader, these stories need to be re-read later, in high school, and again in later adult life. They are enjoyable in every subsequent reading and the longer one lives, the broader is the frame of reference one has against which to draw the stories into perspective.The Kipling stories offer a marked perspective of a reminder of human origins and history as well as animal. As the Native American and other Indigenous Peoples often state: All are related under one sky. A reading of ​The Jungle Book at age 90 will reach several more levels of meaning than a childhood reading and both are just as brilliant an experience. The stories can be shared inter-generationally, with interpretations shared by all. The book is a group of stories that are actually quite good for â⠂¬Å"Grandparents in the School† types of family literacy programs of the current day. Importance of the Tales Kipling is still much quoted, via Gunga Din and his famous poem â€Å"IF,† but The Jungle Book  is also important. They are important because they address the prime relationships in one’s life—family, coworkers, bosses—and everyone’s relationship with Nature. For instance, if a boy is raised by wolves, then wolves are his family until the last one dies. The themes of The Jungle Book revolve around noble qualities such as loyalty, honor, courage, tradition, integrity, and persistence. These are good to discuss and ponder in any century, making the stories timeless.My favorite Jungle Book story is of a young mahout and his elephant and the legend of the elephant dance in the middle of the forest. This is Toomai of the Elephants. From wooly mammoths and mastodons to our zoological parks, to the Elephants Sanctuary in the American South to Disney’s Dumbo, and Seuss’s Horton, elephants are magical creatures. They know friendship and heart ache and can cry. Kipling may have been the first to show that they can also dance.br/>The young mahout, Toomai, believes the tale of the infrequent event of Elephant Dance, even when the seasoned elephant trainers try to dissuade him. He is rewarded for his belief by being taken to that very dance by his own elephant, spending time in another world that few can enter. Faith makes entrance possible, so Kipling tells us, and there is the possibility that childlike faith can be translated to any number of human events. â€Å"Tiger-Tiger† After Mowgli left his Wolf Pack, he visited a Human village and was adopted by Messua and her husband, who both believed him their own son, previously stolen by a tiger. They teach him Human customs and language and help him adjust to a new life. However, the wolf-boy Mowgli hears from Grey Brother (a wolf) that trouble is afoot against him. Mowgli does not succeed in the Human village but makes enemies of a hunter, a priest, and others, because he denounces their unrealistic comments about the jungle and its animals. For this, he is reduced to the status of the cowherd. This story suggests that perhaps the animals are more just than Humans.The tiger Sheer Khan enters the village, while Mowgli takes half his cattle to one side of a ravine, and his wolf brothers take the rest to on the other side. Mowgli lures the tiger into the middle of the ravine and the cattle trample him to death. The envious hunter broadcasts that the boy is a wizard or demon and Mowgli is exiled to wander the c ountryside. This certainly shows the dark side of human beings, again suggesting that animals are nobler creatures.​ Other Favorite Tales Other favorites from this collection are â€Å"The White Seal†, the tale of a Bering Sea’s seal pup that saves 1000s of his kindred from the fur trade, and â€Å"Her Majesty’s Servants†, a story of the conversations heard by a man among the camp animals of the Queen’s military. The entire collection observes mankind from a stance of needing improvement that is possible if they listen to animal wisdom.

Neurotransmitters Definition and List

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that cross synapses to transmit impulses from a neuron to another neuron, glandular cell, or muscle cell. In other words, neurotransmitters are used to send signals from one part of the body to another. Over 100 neurotransmitters are known. Many are simply constructed from amino acids. Others are more complex molecules. Neurotransmitters perform many vital functions in the body. For example, they regulate heartbeat, tell the lungs when to breathe, determine the set point for weight, stimulate thirst, affect mood, and control digestion. The synaptic cleft was discovered by Spanish pathologist  Santiago Ramà ³n y Cajal in the early 20th century. In 1921, German pharmacologist Otto Loewi verified that communication between neurons was the result of released chemicals. Loewi discovered the first known neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. How Neurotransmitters Work The axon terminal of a synapse stores neurotransmitters in vesicles. When stimulated by an action potential, synaptic vesicles of a synapse release neurotransmitters, which cross the small distance (synaptic cleft) between an axon terminal and a dendrite via diffusion. When the neurotransmitter binds a receptor at the dendrite, the signal is communicated. The neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft for a short time. Then it is either returned to the presynaptic neuron through the process of reuptake, metabolized by enzymes, or bound to the receptor. When a neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic neuron, it can either excite it or inhibit it. Neurons are often connected to other neurons, so at any given time a neuron  may be subject to multiple neurotransmitters. If the stimulus for excitation is greater than the inhibitory effect, the neuron will fire and create an action potential that releases neurotransmitters to another neuron. Thus, a signal is conducted from one cell to the next. Types of Neurotransmitters One method of classifying neurotransmitters is based on their chemical composition. Categories include: Amino acids: ÃŽ ³-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate, glutamate, glycine, D-serineGases: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO)Monoamines: dopamine, epinephrine, histamine, norepinephrine, serotoninPeptides:  ÃŽ ²-endorphin, amphetamines, somatostatin, enkephalinPurines: adenosine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Trace amines: octopamine, phenethylamine, trypramineOther molecules: acetylcholine, anandamideSingle ions: zinc The other major method of categorizing neurotransmitters is according to whether they are excitatory or inhibitory. However, whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on its receptor. For example, acetylcholine is inhibitory to the heart (slows heart rate), yet excitatory to skeletal muscle (causes it to contract). Important Neurotransmitters Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in humans, used by about half of the neurons in the human brain. It is the primary excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system. One of its functions is to help form memories. Interestingly, glutamate is toxic to neurons. Brain damage or a stroke can lead to an excess of glutamate, killing neurons.GABA is the primary inhibitory transmitter in the vertebrate brain. It helps to control anxiety. GABA deficiency may result in seizures.Glycine is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate spinal cord.Acetylcholine stimulates muscles, functions in the autonomic nervous system and sensory neurons, and is associated with REM sleep. Many poisons act by blocking acetylcholine receptors. Examples include botulin, curare, and hemlock. Alzheimers disease is associated with a significant drop in acetylcholine levels.Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) increases heart rate and blood pressure. It is part of the bodys fight or flight syst em. Norepinephrine is also needed to form memories. Stress depletes stores of this neurotransmitter.Dopamine is an inhibitory transmitter associated with the reward center of the brain. Low dopamine levels are associated with social anxiety and Parkinsons disease, while excess dopamine is related to schizophrenia.Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in mood, emotion, and perception. Low serotonin levels can lead to depression, suicidal tendencies, anger management issues, difficulty sleeping, migraines, and an increased craving for carbohydrates. The body can synthesize serotonin from the amino acid tryptophan, which is found in foods such as warm milk and turkey.Endorphins are a class of molecules similar to opioids (e.g., morphine, heroin) in terms of structure and function. The word endorphin is short for endogenous morphine. Endorphins are inhibitory transmitters associated with pleasure and pain relief. In other animals, these chemicals slow metabolism and permi t hibernation.

The Quality Of Air Pollution - 2161 Words

Statistics indicate that more than four people in five who live in urban areas are negatively affected regarding the standard of the quality of air that the World Health Organization recommends as safe for breathing by human beings (WHO, 2016). These means that roughly all urban regions of the world are affected. However, there are those that suffer the most and these include the low income cities especially found in the developing countries. WHO analytics covers more than 3000 cities in 103 countries spread across the world (WHO, 2016). The figures how that while 56% of cities in high income cities do not meet the standards set by World Health Organization, the percentage shoots to 98% when looking at the medium and low income cities that do not meet the standards (WHO, 2016). From the map produced to indicate the implication of their statistics, it confirms that 92% of the people’s population in the world is breathing polluted air. The damage that results from air pollution can never be overstated. There are health problems like the risks of cardiac diseases, acute and chronic respiratory diseases like asthma, lung cancer and so forth (Aryes, Maynard, Richards, 2006). Corrosion dud to formation of acid rain, global warming and poor visibility reduces are but some of other issues mentioned randomly. More than two million deaths are linked to air quality. The worrying observation from analyst has been that there have been frequent alerts on the state of the atmosphericShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Pollution On The Air Quality Standard955 Words   |  4 PagesThe two biggest air pollution in California are transportation such as cars and trucks and stationary sources such as oil refineries and industry facilities. Two major pollutions are ozone and fine particulate materials. Ozone also known as smog. The cause of smog includes the automobile and industrial processes that involve combustion of fossil fuels. 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[3] Most air pollutants are anthropogenic (human-made), such as exhaust emissions and power plants.[ ] Air pollution damages environments and harms the organism that lives in them by causing life threaten diseases. Indoor air pollution and urban air quality is the world’s worst type of pollutants.[ ] Indoor Air pollution and Urban air Quality is responsible for 3.1 million prematureRead MoreAir Pollution Is Something That Every Country Suffer From.896 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution is something that every country suffer from. The United States of America is one of those countries. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), pollution levels in m any areas of the United States exceed national air quality standards. With air pollution exceeding air quality, some political parties are willing to take action, while others are not. Understanding the most current presidential candidates’ views on air pollution is vital to ensure who will protect the children

The Atomic Bomb and Other Government Experiments Essay Example For Students

The Atomic Bomb and Other Government Experiments Essay The atomic Bomb code named The Manhattan Project was the first atomic Bomb created by the United States. The United States supervised the development of the atomic bomb, under the code name Manhattan Project, during World War II. The first sustained nuclear chain reaction was achieved in December 1942 at the University of Chicago under the direction of Arthur Holly Compton. Key members of the research team were Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer. Shortly after the first bomb test was completed, atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and Nagasaki The atomic bomb, which was developed secretly in the United States during World War II, differed from all earlier types of bombs. It contained radioactive substances that underwent very rapid changes under certain conditions, releasing immense quantities of light and heat. For an atom bomb to explode, its radioactive ingredients, an isotope of uranium called U-235 must be present in a large quantity. The name of this quantity is called a critical mass. The exact details of the bombs construction remain secret, but it probably contains two different quantities of radioactive material that are brought together mechanically to form a critical mass and then they will explode it. An atomic bomb works by means of fission, a process in which unstable atoms split and eventually form stable, smaller atoms. The other main type of nuclear bomb is the hydrogen bomb, works by fusion, with small atoms combining into larger ones. A hydrogen bomb, which is far more powerful than an atom bomb, uses isotopes of hydrogen. The final reactions do not involve a critical mass, and so the bomb size and energy When Hiroshima was hit by the atomic bomb it all that could be seen was a noisless Flash. Hiroshima was a port city at southwest end of Honshu Island founded in the 16th century as a castle town, it later became a military center it was also the first city to be hit by an atomic bomb, on Aug. 6, 1945. The bomb was dropped by the United States Army/Air Force. It killed between 70,000 and 80,000 people and left many to die of radiation poisoning. The city underwent reconstruction beginning in 1950. The site of the Peace Memorial Park and other monuments to victims of atomic bomb. Another Goverenment Experiment called the Philadelphia Experiment. This experiment was when the government tried to make a ship totally invisibile. There has been many people who say they have witnessed this amazing experiment. It was a very high classified top secret experiment. The government even tried the experiment with people on board the ship. One of the survivors came forward and said that he had been on the ship. He said there was bad side effects. The ship was in a harbor one minute but totally disappeared the next. The people who witnessed this all told the same story. After about 5 minutes of being totally invisible the ship reappeared back in the same harbor. The people who witnessed this stood in amazement at the ship that had totally vanished into thin air. There is little evidence of this occurance. It has been said that the government had help from Albert Einstein. People who had worked on this top secret project said that Einstein created in a formula for this having to do with electricity. I was on the internet searching around for anything that I could find. I found a website that said when the ship disappeared it did something else also. It was said that the ship disappeared and was transported to a different harbor and reappeared somewhere else. The site said that the government had actually teleported a huge battleship. Some of the evidence is kind of vague on what really happened. But there has been many cases where people have claimed that they have witnessed this eperiment. .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae , .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .postImageUrl , .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae , .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae:hover , .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae:visited , .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae:active { border:0!important; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae:active , .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufca5e24aaa907cfe45515089e23cabae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reflections on AngloSaxon Life Essay And there has been a couple that have claimed they had actually were on the ship when it disappeared. Another experiment that happened around World War II didnt involve the United States Goverment, but involved Hitler and the Nazis. Back when hitler was in power he tried to create the Master Race by changing the genetic code of a human being. He tried to make a person who was the ultimate race. And that race of people would hate every other race except people who were of the master race. Hitler did some pretty strange stuff. Once he tried to inject blue dye into peoples eyes so that there eyes would be totally blue. .